arbitrary detention

The phenomenon of 'red-tagging', labelling individuals or groups as communists or terrorists, has posed a serious threat to civil society and freedom of expression.

Arrests since 2017 have targeted many sectors of Saudi society, including clerics, intellectuals, human rights activists, businessmen, and royal family members.

Among the objectives of armed groups is to take control of the land and its associated resources, say UN investigators.

The de facto deprivation of liberty at the hands of private individuals disproportionally affects women through the system of legal guardianship, and migrant workers who are prevented from leaving their employers.